Citizen An American Lyric By Claudia Rankine - 1505 Words

Citizen An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine is a unique piece of literature that truly encompasses the concept of being a Black Intellectual assessing the state of Black people in the American society. Among many of Rankine s passages in Citizen, she addresses microaggressions, racial incidents and current events surrounding Black Americans. From there her novel further transitions into assessing high profiled racial and political cases in America of Blacks who have died unjust deaths, as well as examining the complex ideas of reaching a resolution to race and ethnic issues in America. What makes this piece of literature unique is that Rankine not only uses political rhetoric to examine the state of the Black experience but through†¦show more content†¦Rankine presents the ideas of Blacks maneuvering through the system by explaining situations which Black people have been affected by systematic racism. For instance, she provides scenarios that show the relationship betwee n Black people and microaggressions. Two scenarios in particular are unique to this concept. The first scenario is Rankine discusses is a Black person’s work being copied at school and they are compared to a White person: â€Å"The Route is often associative. You smell good, You are twelve attending Sts. Philip and James School on White Plains Road and the girl sitting in the seat behind asks you to lean the right during your exas so she can copy what you have written. Sister Evelyn is in the habit of taping the 100s and the failing grades to the coat closet doors. The girl is Catholic with waist-length brown hair. You can’t remember her name: Mary? Catherine? You never really speak except for the time she makes her request and later when she tells you you smell good and have features more like a White person. You assume she is thanking you for letting her cheat and feels better cheating from almost a White person†. This passage speaks to the theme of maneuvering through Black spaces because Rankine examines an instance where Blacks are outcasted and treated in comparison to Whites.. It is clear through this passage she uses this scenario to exemplify the relationship between Whites and Blacks and how Blacks in theShow MoreRelatedCitizen : An American Lyric By Claudia Rankine1604 Words   |  7 Pagespray that the human race never escapes from Earth to spread its iniquity elsewhere.†- C.S. Lewis Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine is a lengthy poetic attempt at exposing the competing consciousness pertaining to race and racism in society, pitting the historical person against the individual. Set side by side with The Souls of Black Folks and This Land is Your Land by Woodie Guthrie, Citizen takes on a very distinct impression of separate identities competing in one person. W.E.B. DuboisRead MoreRacial Profiling And Discrimination By Claudia Rankine s Citizen : An American Lyric Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagestheme in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. The author uses everyday encounters to expose the harsh reality African American people live. Rankine’s perspective on racism is applicable to years dating from 1860 and to present day occurrences. Discrimination against African Americans is a continuing problem. Although slavery does not exist today, African Americans continually grieve the agony their ancestors faced throughout the Civil War up to World War II. African Americans overcame slaveryRead MoreDiscussing Theme Of The Works Of Claudia Rankine896 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussing theme in the works of Claudia Rankine Claudia Rankine can best be described as a Jamaican American poet who is constantly â€Å"challenging notions of what poetry should look like.† (Leszkiewicz) Spending most of her life in a predominately white neighborhood, Rankine is an advocate for black lives and notes in one of her poems â€Å"by transforming the slain black body into a public spectacle, America is able to observe such tragedies at a distance.† (Rankine) By discussing what people are uncomfortableRead More##toric Themes In Claudia Rankines Citizen : An American Lyric834 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States. Claudia Rankine’s collection of poems, â€Å"Citizen: An American Lyric† explores these themes. The lyrical themes found in Midnight Oil’s songs relate to Citizen as they exemplify the racial struggle between the Aborigines and the white settlers of Australia which can easily be related to the struggle of the blacks and whites in the US which is exemplified in the songs Beds A re Burning, Warakurna, and The Dead Heart. In the collection of poems, Citizen: An American Lyric, the author,Read MoreIn Claudia Rankine’S Citizen: An American Lyric, Many Themes1170 Words   |  5 PagesIn Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric, many themes come together to show the intricate and fragile lives of black people within the racist construct of America. Anything from the game of tennis filled with bad calls to the outright brutality of police violence against blacks is represented by Citizen. Rankine creates a narrative of the everyday lives of blacks through not only her own experiences but the experiences of others. Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine seeks to bringRead MoreAnalysis Of Claudia Rankines Citizen931 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral times of resistance movements for the rights of the black, Americans even have gone through the Civil War which almost ruined the U.S., they still could not be totally free and earn most peoples respect yet. After reading Claudia Rankine s â€Å"Citizen†, it becomes much clearer about the racial discrimination in our real daily life. Claudia Rankine is a poet who is good at writing lyric poetry, her book â€Å"Citizen: A American Lyric† reveals a tragic fact that even as a powerful developed countryRead MoreCitizen : An American Lyric1454 Words   |  6 Pagesconnects all Americans† (â€Å"Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities†). However, regardless of possessing a citizenship, there is an apparent divide in race, highlighted in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric, as the author exposes the daily experiences of having dark skin in the United States, which can strip the feeling of being American for people. For every citizen to feel like a true citizen of America, a citizenship should not be the only â€Å"thread that connects all Americans† (â€Å"Citizenship†)Read MoreClaudia Rankine s Citizen Contains A Number Of Intricate Images905 Words   |  4 PagesClaudia Rankine’s Citizen contains a number of intricate images usually following a story within a section of the lyric. Using the context of the story, one is able to perceive his or her own meaning for why the image was included. The images provoke thought and emotion in many different ways. While an image may seem sad to some, others may decipher a positive or progressive view of their own. The true beauty of these images alongside their text is that they will bring forth a unique response fromRead MoreAnalysis Of Claudia Rankines Citizen : An American Lyric1099 Words   |  5 PagesA finalist for the National Book Award in poetry, Claudia Rankine’s â€Å"Citizen: An American Lyric† is audacious in form. But what is perhaps especially striking about the book is that it has achieved something that eludes much modern poetry: urgency. â€Å"Citizen† is both insistently topical, with references to Trayvon Martin and stop-and-frisk police tactics, and concerned with intimate moments when racial impasses spring up between friends and colleagues. Stylistically, it takes readers on a ride overRead MoreCitizen : An American Lyric Breaks The Continuum Of A Linear Narrative Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pages Citizen: An American Lyric breaks the continuum of a linear narrative. It forces the reader to pause and engage with the visuals included in it. Furthermore, Claudia Rankine uses commentaries as a literary genre that effectively extends the ways and expressions in which Americans still encounter racism. Visuals and texts juxtapose to create captioned artworks; which Rankine interprets for the reader. Thus, those interpretations function as informative: telling the venues and forms where racism is

Lab Report For Experiment 3 Copper Cycle Olanrewaju Oyindamola Free Essays

LAB REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 3 COPPER CYCLE OLANREWAJU OYINDAMOLA TUESDAY 27TH February 2013 Abstract This experiment is based on copper, to synthesize some copper compound using Copper (II) nitrate solution to obtain copper metal at the end. Changes of copper complexes when various are added and filtering out the precipitate by using Buchner funnel for vacuum filtration . The experiment started with preparation of copper (II) hydroxide and addition of copper oxide then addition of droplets of chloride complex. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report For Experiment 3 Copper Cycle Olanrewaju Oyindamola or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then the addition of ammonium complex and the preparation of copper metal. And the vacuum filtration takes place. Introduction Copper is a reddish-orange metal that is used widely in the electronics industry due to its properties of high ductility and conductivity. Results Reagents| Appearance| Volume (or Mass)| Concentration (or Molar Mass)| Cu(NO3)2 (aq)| Light blue solution| 10 ml| 0. 10 M| NaOH (aq)| Clear solution| 20 ml | 2 M| HCl (aq)| Clear solution| 20 drops| 6 M | NH3 (aq)| Clear solution| 7 drops| 6 M| H2SO4 (aq)| Clear solution| 15 ml | 1. M| Zn dust| Silvery substance| 0. 15 g| | ethanol| Clear solution| 5 ml | | Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 6. 00grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =6. 05grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 0 50 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 050 / 63. 55 =0. 00079 moles Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) : 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 42. 53grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =42. 58grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 05/ 63. 55 =0. 0008 moles Since we have got moles of copper metal and copper nitrate solution we can find the percentage yield of the copper metal obtained from the experiment. yield = actual value / theoretical value * 100% =moles of copper metal obtained/ moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 0008/0. 001 * 100% =80% Thus the percentage yield of the copper obtained was 80 %. Addition of NaoH solution to Cu (NO3)2 gave a dark blue solution. After boiling the Solution gotten above, I sieved out the water and had CuO(s) left in the Beaker. The addition of HCl (drop wise) to CuO gave a yellowish green solution. When NH4OH solution was added it gave a yellowish green solution. I added 15ml of 1. m H2SO4 to yellowish green solution co I suspect the copper complex to be [Cu (H2O) 6]2+, since it gave a blue-green solution. When zinc dust was added to The solution a shiny reddish brown metal was formed. Discussion It is observed that copper was conserved throughout the experiment. And despite The conservation of copper in the reaction, the percentage recovery of copper is less than 100%. i had 80% of copper recovered from Cu (NO3)2. After pouring out the supernatant some CuO clung to the wall of the beaker. Therefore, the HCl did not dissolve all of the CuO. This unreacted CuO causes a decrease in the mass of Cu recovered. Also, I forgot to scrunch the copper formed before drying. The clumps of copper might contain some water which increases its mass when weighed. It is necessary to synthesize the various compounds one after the other in order to recover copper metal because, it is not possible to get copper metal because it is not possible to get copper directly from Cu (NO3)2. all these phases are needed to be passed through. When zinc is added a zinc hexaquo complex is formed from the bonding of Zn2+ with six molecules of water. The addition of H2SO4 causes the Cu2+ from Cu(OH)2 to combine with water molecules to form [Cu(H2O)6]2+. The Cu(OH)2 is gotten from reaction of CuCl2 with NH3. The percent yield depends on whether certain reactions were completed or not. my percent yield 80% is affected by incomplete reaction of CuO with HCl. During the decomposition of Cu (OH) 2, some Cu might have been lost in heat form. Also when transferring the copper from the Buchner funnels into the weighing bottle, some copper metal were stuck to the funnel. This would also decrease the percent yield of copper gotten. Conclusion Given the concentration of Cu (NO3)2 and volume as 10. 0ml, the percent recovery of copper gotten from synthesis of copper compounds is 80%. References Cotton Albert; Wilkinson ,Geoffrey ;murillo,carlos;bochmann,Manfred. advanced inorganic chemistry,6th Ed; John Wiley and sons ltd:Canada,pp868-869 How to cite Lab Report For Experiment 3 Copper Cycle Olanrewaju Oyindamola, Essay examples

My Life as a Misfit free essay sample

The world was here many a year before me, and it will be here many a year after Im gone. Ill give credit where credit is due. These words have guided my life for a long time. It is one of those life lessons that we all should learn, but for some reason, many do not. I want to tell you about myself, my life, my years growing up in small-town America, how it affected me, changed me, how my life up to this point has made me every bit of who I am, and why I would not change my past for anything in the world. From an early age, adults have commented on my maturity, both in attitude and in demeanor. This was the adult perspective, but to other children I was different, pure and simple. When youre different, when you stand out from everyone else, you are an easy target. We will write a custom essay sample on My Life as a Misfit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I became the verbal and physical punching bag for a choice few. Whoever coined the phrase Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me knew nothing. Some of my worst memories are words that were said, not punches that were thrown my way. When I was nine or ten, most of the physical harassment stopped. The reason? I grew up literally. I was the tallest person in my class. Most would-be bullies would rather deal with a less intimidating target, so, for the most part, I was left alone. I was still branded a social outcast by my peers, though. Ill probably never know why, but being on the fringe of child-society allowed me a unique perspective. I could peer into situations that did not involve me, and study them. I became fascinated with the choices people made. This position also granted me the friends I have today; like me, they were also rejects. Some were too smart and some just perceived reality differently. There were only a few of us. We were not preps, we were not jocks; if you had to label us, we were a bunch of freaks and geeks. I only had a few friends, but they were worth their weight in gold. These were friends I could trust with my life. My junior year, and the summer following it, changed me. This year was the first in a long while that I found some semblance of acceptance with a majority of my peers. I can best analogize like this: we were all running a race, a race toward maturity. As with every race, some runners blaze forward while others fall behind. I do not want to sound narcissistic, but I was there waiting for everyone else to cross the finish line, and when they did, I could not resist the urge to ask What took you so long? I know this sounds like the beginning. Thats because it is. I am not here to explain how this tale will end, and that is where you come in. Through my trials I have become a better person; I have become strong-willed and not easily deterred by small misfortunes. Where I go to college will determine the rest of my life. I have decided that I want to pursue a career in psychology. I want to help others, especially those whose problems might stem from a troubled childhood. I want to help others discover the strength within, the way I was able to discover the strength that lies in me, the strength that will help me make my life and career a true success.

Issues Associated With Disparate Systems And ERP Systems

Question: Discuss the issues associated with disparate systems and how ERP systems overcome these issues? Answer: Issues with disparate systems The growth of the disparate system was once much acclaimed and it helped the business process to centralised the business data. However, with the growth of the business this system started creating data integration issues. According to Sullivan (2014) the disparate systems have lived their life while the scale and the span of the business was small. It became very difficult for the organizations to deal with the disparate systems when their business has expanded in multiple areas and multiple regions. The major issues that rose with the disparate systems are: Burden of managing multiple data sources Multiple unsynchronised window for each of the separate operations Higher chances of data redundancy Higher system maintenance cost (com, 2014) These are the four key reasons for which the disparate system became an unfeasible option for the most of the companies in present condition. The Capitol Coffee is a leading coffee service company with having multiple outlets in different locations. The business growth of the company started decreasing as the number of points increased. While analyzing the case it has been found that due to the disparity in the companys communication and reporting system the entire business process started losing its competency within the market (Netsuite.com, 2015). Encountering issues with ERP systems Figure 1: Simple ERP 3-Tire Architecture (Source: Haddara, 2014, pp.395) The birth concept of the ERP system was to develop and deliver such a kind of system that will provide an integrated platform for the different business purposes. According to Zensar.com (2014) the main challenge for the development of the ERP systems was to develop a single platform through eliminating the data processing disparity and connecting the multiple nodes into one single process. The other challenge was to determine the integrating business logic for the KPIs for different business processes. Therefore, while encountering the disparate system issues the ERP system development it has followed a systematic process through dividing the entire business process and its view into four distinctive processes. These levels are: Management Level view User level view Implementation/Vendor view IT level view for in-house support (Kumar et al. 2014) This segregation has enabled the companies to integrate the entire process according to the business logic. It has provided the much-required integrated platform through single database that allows the uniformity of the business process. Through the figure 1 it is very much evident that for the operation an ERP system uses a single database and multiple terminals. Therefore, through using the single database model it eliminates the chances of data redundancy, higher operational cost. Through following these basic measures, the ERP system successfully encountered the issues with the disparate systems. Sportingbet is the biggest bookmaker and service provider. In 2012, they have encountered a major problem in managing the business operation. The real time operation management and the data integration are very much important for them. However as they were using a disparate system it became very much difficult for them. Therefore, to encounter this issue they have implement the Biztalk and Azure architecture with SQL Database and soon it helped them to increase their profit (Breeze.net, 2013). Importance of Integration Integration of ERP system helps a company in multiple ways. According to Greenbeacon.com (2014) the key benefits what a comprehensive integration can provide to the companies are: It provides structured and systematic control over the financial issues through maintaining the country specific and region specific rules. It helps to increase the financial transparency for the company (Pan et al. 2014). Single interface through a common database helps the companies to increase the operation and the control efficiency. The single user interface with different view level s enables the quick access of the appropriate control. This integration enables the top management to monitor their business and to monitor the business and the product life cycle (Abbasi et al. 2014). It streamlines all the resources associated with the business and provides a cause-effect relationship view of the resources. This cause-effect relationship enables the companies to identify the key resources and helps to manage those resources to improve the business efficiency in the global environment (Kumar et al. 2014). The ERP integration enables the companies to automate their business. This automation provides greater level of accuracy in business forecasting. This forecasting accuracy will help the companies to define their business strategies to encounter the probable business challenges of coming days. A case study produced by Kinetic Information Systems (2014) on the Griffiths Equipment reflects that the profit level of the company decreased even though the product sales have grown for the company. Therefore, while Kinetic Information Systems interpreted their business structure it has been found that the data redundancy, handling errors and the unsynchronised business errors are increasing the operational cost for the company. This was majorly decreasing their profit. However, after the implementation of the ERP system and an integrated mobile application dramatically increased the efficiency of the company. It has been observed that the accuracy level has been increased to 99% and the error occurrences within the process reduced by 80% (Kinetic Information Systems, 2014). Issues with integration The major issues rise while an integration of the ERP system is done for any company are:1. Lack in System analysis while the application development has been done for the company.2. The lack in training and development for the in-house staffs. It has been observed that some of the companies have faced major challenges in the middle of the ERP implementation and after the implementation. The only reason for this incident is that the lack of training and development of the staffs who will operate the system.3. Compatibility is a major issue with the ERP implementation. The ERP modules are very much vendor specific. Therefore, while implementing the ERP solution for an existing system the compatibility becomes a major issue for both the vendor and the company.4. Over the years, it has been found that the funding has been a major issue for the ERP implementation. The cost of ERP implementation is very high and this costing increases if the development and implementation prolongs. This i ncreasing cost sometimes hits directly to the profitability of the company. Benson Hedges encountered loss in 2009 due to the higher SAP implementation cost (Sullivan, 2014). Overcoming the integration issues To overcome the integration issue most of the IT companies follows an integrated team approach for the development and the implementation of the ERP system. In the development stage they extensively communicates with the management for identifying and developing a logical structure for the relating the KPIs. In the middle of the development the implementation, they start providing training to the employees for the operation process. These measures help in reducing the errors and issues in the developing and implanting the ERP system (Pan et al. 2014). Nature of achievement gained through encountering integration issues The encountering the identified issues will help to gain the knowledge on the following aspects. 1. Will help to develop an integrated development cycle within the development stage2. Will help to identify the key logical factors that help in developing a integrated data flow structure within the key KPIs.3. Will help to design more structured training and development program for the employees so that no unfavourable incidents happens in the middle of the implementation or after the implementation (Haddara, 2014). These lessons will help in increasing the efficiency for the development and implementation of ERP for any company. Reference List Books Pan, J., Snasel, V., Corchado, E., Abraham, A. and Wang, S. (2014). Intelligent Data analysis and its Applications, Volume II. Dordrecht: Springer. Sullivan, G. (2014). Surviving in SAP Projects. New York, NY: Galileo Press New York. Journals Abbasi, S., Zamani, M. and Valmohammadi, C. (2014). The effects of ERP systems implementation on management accounting in Iranian organizations. Education, Business Society, 7(4), pp.245-256. Haddara, M. (2014). ERP Selection: The SMART Way. Procedia Technology, 16, pp.394-403. Kumar, L., Rao, M. and Viswanadham, P. (2014). Addressing the Issues and Challenges in Implementation of Ias Ifrs With Oracle Erp. IOSRJEF, 4(5), pp.45-49. Websites Breeze.net, (2013). Sportingbet | Breeze. [online] Available at: https://www.breeze.net/customers/sportingbet [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Greenbeacon.com, (2014). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Benefits. [online] Available at: https://www.greenbeacon.com/GreenBeaconWebsite/Microsoft-CRM-ERP-Solutions/EnterpriseResourcePlanningERP.aspx [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Kinetic Information Systems, (2014). Automotive. [online] Available at: https://www.kineticis.com.au/case-studies/automotive/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Kinetic Information Systems, (2014). Griffiths Equipment. [online] Available at: https://www.kineticis.com.au/case-studies/automotive/griffiths-equipment/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Netsuite.com, (2015). Capitol Coffee Systems Case Studies - NetSuite Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.netsuite.com/portal/au/customer-testimonials/capitol-coffee-wholesale-distribution.shtml [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Zensar.com, (2014). Replacing Global IT Islands (Disparate Systems) with SAP Business Suite Software. [online] Available at: https://www.zensar.com/downloads/case-studies/1933-replacing-global-it-islands-disparate-systems-with-sapr-business-suite-software [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015].

Topics For An Informative Essay

Topics For An Informative EssayTopics for an informative essay are very important. It is the element that connects your thoughts and ideas together. If you feel as if there is something that you can contribute to the understanding of the subject matter, then make sure that the writing is in accordance with your knowledge and the skills that you have acquired. If you know the subject matter well, then you will have an edge over the rest of the readers who are not familiar with the topic.There are many good topics to write an informative essay on. One of the best subjects to write an informative essay on is technical terms. Technical terms are those in which you must have a firm grasp of the subject. Many writers have their own opinions on this subject, but it is advisable that you find out the experts opinions and think on your own. The experts might be more knowledgeable about the subject matter, but it would also help if you are able to cite specific research for your thoughts.There are several topics to write an informative essay on. There are also several topics to write an informative essay on. An interesting topic to write an informative essay on is finance. If you are talking about finance, then you can easily cite sources from different industries, national governments, international financial institutions and other related subjects that would be applicable to finance. Keep in mind that finance is not only about government spending but also involves private organizations, companies and individuals.Another topic to write an informative essay on is the influence of genetics. It might sound simple but you have to remember that there are two sides to every coin. Genetics are not all the same and each side has its own advantages and disadvantages.You can mention an additional subject to the subject that you have mentioned earlier. That would add the scope to the topic that you have mentioned. If you want to mention a specific type of person, you have to remem ber that this could be in the form of a sub-topic. For example, if you are talking about AIDS, then you can mention a specific cause of AIDS, but if you talk about colon cancer, then you should be able to talk about causes of colon cancer.If you want to be able to include a good topic to write an informative essay on, then you should be able to talk about the background of the subject matter. There are various reasons behind the increased number of HIV cases in America and many other countries. For example, if you write an essay about the reasons behind AIDS, then you should also talk about the increased number of HIV cases, the rising number of young people being infected with HIV, and the present lack of effective prevention measures that can be taken to prevent HIV and AIDS.As a matter of fact, there are lots of topics to write an informative essay on. There are so many topics to write an informative essay on, that you will need to spend some time to find out the best topics to w rite an informative essay on. However, as long as you keep it simple and focus on your area of expertise, you should be able to find an interesting topic to write an informative essay on.

Statics Essays - Physics, Mathematics, Dynamics, Force, Geometry

Statics By possessing an understanding of Newton's Laws, following these three laws of graphical solutions, and understanding vector algebra you can solve most engineering static problems. Systems of Force Systems of force acting on objects in equilibrium can be classified as either concurrent or nonconcurrent and as either coplanar or noncoplanar. This gives us four general categories of systems. The first category, concurrent-coplanar forces occur when the lines of action of all forces lie in the same plane and pass through a common point. Figure 1 illustrates a concurrent-coplanar force in such that F1, F2, and W all lie in the same plane (the paper) and all their lines of action have point O in common. To determine the resultant of concurrent force systems, you can use the Pythagorean theorem, the law of sines, or the law of cosines as outlined in the previous chapter. Nonconcurrent-coplanar force is when the lines of action of all forces lie in the same plane but do not pass through a common point as illustrated in figure 2. The magnitude and direction of the resultant force can be determined by the rectangular component method using the first two equations in figure 2, and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of R from the axis of rotation of the body can be found using the third equation in figure 2. Concurrent-noncoplanar forces are when Application the lines of action of all forces pass through a common point and are not in the same plane. To find the resultant of these forces it is best to resolve each force into components along three axes that make angles of 90 degrees with each other. Nonconcurrent-noncoplanar forces are when the lines of action of all forces do not pass through a common point and the forces do not all lie in the same plane. Stress When a restrained body is subject to external forces, there is a tendency for the shape of the body Science

The Ultimate Guide to the AP US History Exam

The Ultimate Guide to the AP US History Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The AP US History exam involves reading, writing, and in-depth analysis. It's not just about memorizing names and dates; you'll be asked to interpret historical evidence quickly and accurately, recall outside information about the topic, and, on the essay questions, synthesize your ideas into a coherent argument. In this guide, I'll give you a rundown of the format and structure of the exam along with a brief content outline, sample questions, and some tips for a great score! How Is the AP US History Exam Structured? The AP US History testin 2016 will be administered on Friday, May 6th at 8 AM. It hasmultiple-choice, short answer, and free-response sections, and the total length is 3 hours and 15 minutes. The Multiple-Choice Section Is: 55 minutes long 55 questions 40 percent of your score Formatted in sets of two to five questions that are based on the provided pieces of historical evidence The Short-Answer Section Is: 50 minutes long Four questions 20 percent of your score Questions have multiple parts and will usually reference pieces of historical evidence The Free-Response Section Is: Comprised of two questions: Document-based question An essay based on a prompt that's accompanied by a series of relevant historical documents 55 minutes 25 percent of your score Long essay question Regular essay question where you get to choose between two different prompts 35 minutes for the long essay question 15 percent of your score On the free-response section, you will be told when 55 minutes are up and advised to move on to the second question, but you aren’t forced to do so. Time management is one of the major challenges of this test! Content Background for the AP US History Exam There are seven themes addressed inthe AP US History course, and all of them will show up in one form or another on the exam.Each represents a subset of learning objectives that students are expected to master.You can read more about the learning objectives in the course description;here I’ll just give a broad overview of the major themes: Theme 1: American and National Identity How and why definitions of American and national identity and values have developed. Related topics such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism. Theme 2: Politics and Power How different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States. How political beliefs and institutions have changed over time. Theme 3: Work, Exchange, and Technology Factors behind systems of economic exchange and development, including the role of technology, economic markets, and government. Theme 4: Culture and Society The roles that ideas, beliefs, social mores, and creative expression have played in shaping the United States. How various identities, cultures, and values have been preserved or changed at different stages in U.S. History. Theme 5: Migration and Settlement Why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new environments. Theme 6: Geography and the Environment The role of geography and environments (natural and man-made) on social and political developments in the United States. Theme 7: America in the World Interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period. The influence of the United States on world affairs. These themes are discussed across nine different historical periods, each of which corresponds to a certain percentage of questions on the AP exam: Sample AP US History Questions Now that you have a sense of the test content, I'll present you with sample questions to give you a better idea of what it actually looks like! Multiple-Choice Question For multiple choice, you’re given one or two pieces of historical evidence followed by a set of questions that ask you to do some analysis.The US History exam is less about knowing specific dates and names and more about being able to draw conclusions and connect themes based on materials provided by the test. First, let’s read the (disturbing) statement we’re considering for this question: Hammond refers to slaves as â€Å"fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge† and goes on to say that it is â€Å"in the interest of all...to treat our slaves with proper kindness.†This is a statement typical of many southern slaveowners at the time.In his view, he has been entrusted by God to take care of his slaves because they are lower in the natural hierarchy.He talks about treating them with kindness to make it seem like slavery helps everyone. Southerners believed they were doing their slaves a favor by treating them well within the slave system because slaves weren’t capable of handling freedom. Now, we'll examine our choices: Choice (A) can be ruled out because there is nothing in the statement that indicates a reaction to the development of gradual emancipation laws. Hammond isdefending slavery in a broader moral sense. Choice (B) is incorrect because there is no relationship between the statement and development of stronger slave codes.Hammond talks about treating his slaves well and is clearly trying to ignore the increased unrest within the slave system. Choice (C) should be eliminated as well.Although Hammond is making a moral argument for slavery that could be considered a counter to activists’ moral arguments against it, there isn’t a direct enough connection between the quote and the trend described in this answer choice. Finally, let’s look at choice (D), which is the correct answer.This is the only choice that makes a DIRECT connection between the point of view expressed in the excerpt and the social/political trends of the time.Hammond’s statement is an individual piece of evidence that serves to demonstrate the larger movement of southerners touting slavery as a â€Å"positive good† benefitting both slaves and masters. Short-Answer Question Short answer questions are technically considered part of the multiple-choice section because they are so much less involved than the essay questions.Although they do have multiple parts, you don’t have to come up with a thesis (one sentence answers are ok). They're about succinctly connecting themes and reference materials to specific events or trends. Here’s an example: For part (A), you would need to provide a brief explanation of the aspects of the cartoon that express the artist’s point of view on a particular economic topic. For example:The artist expresses the view that industrial capitalism is an exploitative and unfair system in which underpaid laborers work hard to build the basis on which wealthy capitalists lounge around and enjoy lives of luxury. For part (B), you would need to describe a specific development between 1865 and 1910 that supports the artist’s viewpoint. For example:Newly rich businessmen such as Gould or Vanderbilt quickly rose to prominence and lived lavish lifestyles funded by huge corporate monopolies. For part (C), you would need to describe another specific development within the same time period that challenges the artist’s viewpoint. For example:A more industrialized economy brought benefits to many people in society through access to cheaper commodities, new technologies, and improvements in the standard of living. Document-Based Question These are the instructions you’ll see for the document-based question: The question itself is a short prompt that gives you a lens through which to view the sample documents.You’re given seven different documents to examine, and, to earn full credit, you have to use at least six of them as evidence for your thesis in your answer. Documents range from transcripts of folk songs to excerpts from letters and newspapers to demographic maps.I won’t list all the documents that were presented for this specific question, but here are a couple so you can get a sense of the variety you’ll see on the exam: There are several components of a solid response to this question: Thesis The thesis must clearly address patterns of continuity and change over time with regards to the social and economic experiences of African Americans who migrated North in the early 1900s.Don’t make it hard for the graders to find your thesis; the best place to put it is right at the end of your first paragraph. Here's an example:As many African Americans migrated North in the period from 1910 to 1930, they encountered both new and familiar challenges, including the hostility of white northerners, barriers to employment, and housing segregation. Evidence At least six out of seven documents (and preferably all seven!) should be used as evidence in your essay. Also, atleast one of the following should be examined in the essay for four or more of the documents: the author’s point of view, the author’s purpose, the intended audience, and the historical context. Analysis and Connections The essay must draw connections between documents or parts of documents to build an argument.You should also observe in your essay that documents reflect differences in point of view, audiences, formats, etc.Paying attention to the context is critical for an appropriate historical reading (for example, document 4 is written for a white audience by a white author, so that should inform the way its statements are viewed). Outside Knowledge Your essay should also include knowledge that extends beyond the documents themselves and strengthens your argument. Caution:DON’T start fact-vomiting all over this essay. Make sure what you’re saying is directly relevant to your argument.One historical trend you might mention specifically is the rise of legalized social segregation in the South (impact ofPlessy v. Ferguson).You could also note that the evidence in the documents provided does not reference the Harlem Renaissance, which was an important development in the experience of many African Americans in the urban North during the 1920s. Context Your essay shouldalsoconnect the issues raised by the documents to broader discussions of racism in U.S. history.You could talk about things like: The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy Different motivations that have influenced migration within the U.S. Development of housing patterns in urban environments Long Essay Question For your long essay, you will be able to choose between two prompts.Here’s an example of a potential prompt: Your answer should include many of the same elements as your answer to the document-based question, but there are no documents to analyze and reference, so you have less time to write.This question also asks you to take a more solid argumentative stance for or against a certain claim. The first thing you should do is decide whether you support, partially support, or totally disagree with the argument presented in the question.Then, write a thesis that makes your point of view clear and briefly references examples you will use to support it in the body of your essay. If you chose to support the statement, your essay might include the following points: The New Deal was a conservative measure taken to preserve a capitalist economy in the US by lessening the negative effects of capitalism and mitigating weaknesses within the system. It represented a desire to change things as little as possible while maintaining the economic status quo. No programs in the New Deal led to fundamental redistribution of land and wealth, so most elements of the capitalist system were unchanged. If you instead decided to argue against the statement, your essay might include the following points: The New Deal was a dramatic departure from the role government had played in the US economy up to that point. Programs were revolutionary in that they provided relief to people who were struggling, curbed corporate abuses, and sought to protect the environment. Alternatively, you could say that the New Deal was revolutionary in a negative way; the government veered too far into socialism and worsened the effects of the depression for people like business owners. You could mention the more far-reaching benefits and drawbacks of the New Deal to provide additional evidence for your point (greater financial security for people in the long run as a result of New Deal programs). You could also modify the original statement by saying that the New Deal was a moderate measure that fell between conservatism and revolution (the partial agreement option).More extreme factions of conservative and progressive groups were either alarmed at the dramatic changes or dissatisfied with a policy that fell short of complete economic restructuring. Whatever your argument, you must include specific references to historical events or trends of the period for context (for example, you might mention conservative fiscal policies of presidents before Roosevelt and the causes of the Great Depression). One of FDR's quirks was that he always had to be painted completely green from head to toe before being seen in public. Using this strategy, he successfully prevented people from noticing his wheelchair for years. How Is the AP US History Exam Scored? On the multiple-choice section (55 raw points possible), you get a point added to your raw score for each question that you answer correctly. No points are taken off for incorrect answers!Each short-answer question is worth three points, so there are 12 raw points possible in the short-answer section. The document-based question is scored based on the following criteria (seven raw points possible): Thesis and argument: 2 points Document analysis: 2 points Using evidence beyond the documents: 2 points Synthesis: 1 point The long essay question is scored based on the following criteria (six raw points possible): Thesis: 1 point Argument development: using the targeted historical thinking skills: 2 points Argument development: using evidence: 2 points Synthesis: 1 point On essay questions, points are taken off for errors only if they detract from the quality of the argument being made (basically, don’t make up historical facts to support an argument).Grammatical errors are not a big deal as long as they don't inhibit the grader's ability to understand what your essay is saying. The total number of raw points you can earn on the test is 80: 55 on the multiple choice, 12 on the short answer, seven on the DBQ, and six on the long essay.Raw scores can be converted to scaled scores out of 150. Multiply your raw score (out of 55) on the multiple-choice section by 1.1 to get your scaled multiple choice score. Then, multiply your raw score (out of 12) on the short answer-section by 2.5 to get your scaled short answer score.Multiply your raw score (out of seven) on the document-based question by 5.4 to get your scaled DBQ score.Multiply your raw score (out of six) on the long essay question by 3.75 to get your scaled long essay question score. Then, add all of the scores together to get your final scaled score! Here’s a chart to show you approximately how the scaled scores translate to final AP scores: Scaled Score AP Score Percentage of Students in 2015 115 - 150 5 9.3% 90 - 114 4 17.8% 65 - 89 3 23.6% 44 - 64 2 25% 0 - 43 1 24.3% I made my best estimates based on other AP score conversion charts because there was no official scaled to AP score conversion chart online for the latest version of the exam.Your teacher or review book may have a more accurate score conversion system that you can use for official practice tests. Tips for the AP US History Exam AP US History is a grueling test that requires intense critical thinking and analytical skills.Here are some tips you should remember if you hope to do well: Tip #1: Accurate Facts Aren’t Always Correct Answers Many multiple-choice questions will list answers that are accurate representations of historical events or trends but don’t directly respond to the question being asked. Be wary of these answers on the test so that you don’t accidentally choose them over more relevant responses.In the multiple choice question I gave as an example, one incorrect choice was â€Å"The expanding use of moral arguments by Northern antislavery activists.†At the time referenced in the question, this was a real trend that occurred, but it doesn’t relate directly to the excerpt that was referenced. That means it’s still the wrong answer.Don’t let these types of choices confuse you; adhere to the particulars of the question and the evidence presented! Tip #2: Details Are Important: Read Excerpts Carefully! Most of this exam is based on historical reference materials.You won’t be able to answer questions correctly without reading carefully.Even if you know everything there is to know about US History, that knowledge will mostly just serve to contextualize the evidence presented on the test.The specific details found in the writings and images will ultimately reveal the best answer choice. Tip #3: Plan Before You Write It’s critical to write well-organized, focused essays on the AP US History test.A clear thesis is the first thing on the agenda.Then, you need to make sure the rest of your essay ties back into your thesis and provides relevant evidence throughout.If you jump into writing an essay without taking the time to organize your thoughts, you’re more likely to ramble or get off-topic from the main focus of the question. For the document-based question, you’re encouraged to spend 15 of the 55 minutes planning how to organize your thoughts and use the different documents as evidence.You have less time for the long essay question, but you should still spend five minutes or so writing a brief outline before you start your final draft. Tip #4: Use Outside Evidence Wisely It’s a smart idea to incorporate additional background knowledge into your responses on the test.It shows that you’ve mastered the material and can connect themes to what you learned in class and not just what was presented to you in the question.However, don’t include outside knowledge unless it bolsters your argument.If you’re just sticking it in there to prove how much you know, your essay will lack focus, and you may lose points.That’s why it’s so important to plan ahead; in the planning stage, you can think of examples that tie into your thesis and strategically place them throughout your essay in ways that contribute to your point. Be wise, like an owl. Not necessarily this one...it looks like it lost its grip on reality a long time ago. Conclusion The AP US History exam is one of the longer AP tests, and it has four different types of questions! You'll see multiple-choice, short answer, document-based, and long essay questions on this test. The main thread running through the entire exam is an emphasis on analyzing historical evidence and applying outside knowledge in context. In your studying, you will need to learn to connect the five themes of the course to events spanning 500 years of North American history. To recap, some study tips that I recommend include: Don't mistake accurate facts for correct answers Always read excerpts carefully Plan before writing your essays Use outside evidence strategically Make sure you practice all the different types of questions with official materials before you sit down to take the real test. If you get used to thinking about history in an analytical, evidence-based context, you should have no problem earning a high AP score! What's Next? Looking for more practice materials? Check out our article on the best online quizzes you can take to prepare for the AP US History test! Review books can be extremely helpful tools in preparing for AP tests. If you can't decide which one to get,take a look at this list of the best review books for the AP US History exam in 2016. Did you lose some of your notes? Head on over to this article for links to AP US History notes on every section of the course. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: